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"A pilot study of smoking and associated behaviors in low-income expectant fathers." Everett, K. D., J. Gage, et al. (2005). Nicotine and Tobacco Research 7(2): 269-276.
Using telephone interviews 138 low income expectant fathers were asked about their smoking behaviour during their partner’s pregnancy. About 63% respondents smoked more than 100 cigarettes during their lifetime. Current smoking was reported by 49.3% fathers (39.1 current smokers, 10.2% sometimes). This status was associated with lower level of education (p<0.0001), pregnant partner being a current smoker (p=0.0002), higher daily alcohol consumption (p=0.0003) and the absence of smoking prohibition inside the home (p<0.0001). About 70% of the current smokers tried to quit. High rates of smoking in expectant fathers were related to their partners continuing to smoke during their pregnancy.
"A Review of Research Literature Addressing Male Partners and Smoking During Pregnancy." Gage, J., K. D. Everett, et al. (2007). Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing 3: 574-580.
Understanding of cigarette smoking and cessation during pregnancy by examining the men’s role in supporting smoking cessation of their pregnant partners was reviewed. Studies published in the last decade, in English language, included three phenomena: pregnancy, male partners, and cigarette smoking. Results were categorised into theoretical, descriptive, and intervention methods of research. There is an interaction between pregnancy, male partners, and smoking behaviours. Current research that includes the phenomena of pregnancy, male partners, and smoking behaviours highlights a need to further investigate the potential relationships, interactions, and health consequences of smoking behaviours of men and women during pregnancy.
Male Partner Participation in Smoking Cessation of Women During Pregnancy.
This study developed a mid-range theory to describe and explain male partner participation in the smoking cessation of women during pregnancy. Male partners of pregnant women were theoretically sampled from a current National Institutes of Health funded study about women’s smoking cessation during pregnancy. Individual interviews were conducted with 23 rural, working-class men, from Mid-Missouri. Grounded theory method and constant comparative analysis was used to gather and analyze data. The resulting theory explains the psychosocial process of fatherhood as motivator for smoking behavior change. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.
"Men's Tobacco and Alcohol Use During and After Pregnancy." Everett, K. D., L. Bullock, et al. (2007). American Journal of Men's Health 1: 317-325.
Men living with a pregnant partner completed telephone surveys, during pregnancy and postpartum, about tobacco and alcohol use behaviours and other socio-demographic variables. Smoking did not change significantly from pregnancy (46.9%) to postpartum (45.8%). Drinking (five or more drinks/day in a month) changed from 27.1% to 22.9%. Non-smoking status was significantly related to a pregnant partner’s quitting smoking during pregnancy and remaining quit at postpartum (p = .019). Household prohibitions from indoor smoking increased from 62.5% at pregnancy to 76% postpartum (p = .009). Pregnancy alone does not appear sufficient for men to quit smoking or change hazardous drinking.
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